椒江育才小学分校:怎样学会宾语从句，帮忙举例说明。万分感谢！

一、
宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。宾语从句常由that引导，在口语中常省略。
当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的
影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：
She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday.
她说她从周一至周五上班。（从句是一般现在时）
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.
她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。（从句是一般将来时）
She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei.
她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。（从句是现在完成时）
当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.
他说昨天下午没有课。（从句是一般过去时）
He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby.
他说他会去照看这个婴儿。（从句是过去将来时）
He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time.
他说他们那时正在开会。（从句是过去进行时）
*当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，
宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。如：
The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
She said (that) her father is twenty-eight years older than her.
她说她父亲比她大二十八岁。
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
二、
由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。
引出名词性从句的连词whether和if，在引出宾语从句时，用法和意义相同。但是只能引出宾语从句和不在句首的主语从句，而whether除了引出宾语从句外，还可引出主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。例如：
We don't know whether (if) it is right. 我们不知道它是否正确。
The question is whether she should do that. 问题在于她是否应该做那件事。
Whether it is true remains a question. 是真是假还是个问题。
试比较：
当if从句处在主句之后作“是否”讲时，引出的是宾语从句。例如：
I don't know if it is true. 我不知道这事是否真实。
当if从句在主句之前作“如果”讲，则引出状语从句。例如：
I shall go there if I have time. 如果我有时间，我将到那儿去。

宾语从句说起来简单，可用起来却不那么容易。它涉及到引导词的选用、从句的语序、时态的呼应、从句的简化等一系列问题。本篇《再会宾语从句》将帮你解决这一系列问题。
问一：怎样选择宾语从句的引导词，有无规律可循？
答：宾语从句的引导词是有规律可循的，一般来讲，可分为三个类型：
1．当宾语从句是由陈述句变化而来的，该从句通常由that引导。that无具体意义，不作任何成分，因此在口语或非正式文体中常常被省略。例如：
We all say．Lao Wang is a good friend． →?
We all say（that）Lao Wang is a good friend．
I'm sure．You have seen that book before．→??
I'm sure（that）you have seen that book before．
2．当宾语从句由一般疑问句变来时，须用连词if或whether引导，意为“是否”，表示选择。例如：
Could you tell us？Will he really come here？?→?
Could you tell us if（whether）he will really come here？
注：if和whether在引导宾语从句时，一般可换用，但下列三种情形中只可用whether，
不用if：
1）当or not紧随连词之后时。例如：
We didn't know whether or not she was ready．我们不知道她是否已做准备。
2）从句用作介词宾语时。例如：
I am interested in whether he joined the army．我对他是否入伍很感兴趣。
3）当宾语从句移至句首表强调时。例如：
Whether this is true or not，I'm not sure．这是否真实，我不敢肯定。
3．当宾语从句由特殊疑问句变来时，则用连接代词who／whose／what／which和连接副词when／where ／why／how等引导。它们均是充当一定成分，一般不可省略。例如：
Could you tell me？Where is the nearest post office？→??
Could you tell me where the nearest post office is？
注：连接词与其后名词构成短语时则不可拆开使用。如：what time，which room， how many people等。
问二：宾语从句必须用陈述句语序吗？如由what，when等疑问词引导的宾语从句也须这样吗？
答：宾语从句一律用陈述句语序，不论从句由何引导词引导，也不论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，从句均为：“引导词＋主语＋谓语＋其他”结构。试比较：
We don't know when will they arrive．（×）
We don't know when they will arrive．（√）
Could you tell me which way must we take to get to the museum？（×）
Could you tell me which way we must take to get to the museum？（√）
注：特殊疑问词作主语时，语序本来就是“主语＋谓语”结构，故语序不能再变化。例如：
Please tell us．Who will give us a talk this week？?→?
Please tell us who will give us a talk this week．
问三：何为时态呼应？宾语从句在时态上应遵循哪些原则？
答：在复合句中，从句中的谓语动词时态，特别是宾语从句中的谓语动词时态，在一定程度上要受到主句谓语动词时态的制约，在英语语法中这种现象被称为时态呼应。含有宾语从句的主从复合句在时态呼应上一般要遵循以下三条规则：
1．如果主句是祈使句或主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或将来时，则宾语从句可根据意义的需要而选用任何一种时态。例如：
Do you know who he was talking with at eight last night？
Please tell me how many pictures they've drawn recently．
Mary says she will come back soon．
Will you tell us how you managed to overcome the difficulties？
2．如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，则宾语从句须用表示过去的某一时态。例如：
He said that he was a cleaner．
I knew she had cleaned the house already．
3．如果宾语从句所表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言、警句、谚语等时，主句即使用了过去时，从句也不受主句影响而多用一般现在时。例如：
He said time is money．
Our teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound．
She said that one and one makes two．她说一加一等于二。
问四：宾语从句的标点符号由主句决定还是由从句决定？
答：不论由何种类型的句子转化而来的宾语从句，标点符号均由主句来决定。例如：
Don't you think？The light in the room is too dark．→?
Don't you think（that）the light in the room is too dark？
问五：宾语从句何时要进行“否定转移”？
答：当主句的谓语动词为think，believe等且主语为第一人称时，从句中的否定词not应转移到主句谓语动词上来。例如：
I think．Chickens can't swim．→?
I don't think chickens can swim．
问六：含有宾语从句的复合句如何变为反意疑问句？
答：通常情况下，反意疑问句的附加问句部分由主句决定；但主句中含有think ／believe的宾语从句，若主句的主语为第一人称时，则附加问句部分要由从句决定，不过应注意否定转移的情况。试比较：
He thinks he is right，doesn't he？（由主句决定）
I don't think he is right，is he？（由从句决定）
问七：宾语从句通常能简化成什么样的结构？
答：宾语从句通常可简化成“疑问词＋不定式”结构，此时主从复合句也就变成了简单句，但条件是：
1）疑问词为原宾语从句的引导词；
2）从句的主语应与主句的主语或间接宾语相一致。例如：
I don't know what I should do next．→?
I don't know what to do next．
Can you tell me how I can get to the park？→
Can you tell me how to get to the park？
注：由that引导宾语从句的简化情况可参阅上一期《初识宾语从句》一文。
问八：宾语从句有几种替代形式？
答：宾语从句通常有两种替代形式，即肯定替代与否定替代。具体分为：
1．在hope／believe／think／guess／suppose／tell／say以及I'm afraid等后，常用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，表示上文涉及之事。例如：
—Do you think they will win the game？
—I hope so．
—你认为他们会赢得比赛吗？
—我希望如此。
2．在上述动词之后，若替代一个否定形式的宾语从句，替代形式有两种：
1）将从句否定转移到主句谓语。例如：
I don't believe so．
2）直接用not代替否定的宾语从句。例如：
I believe not．
注：hope，（be）afraid只能取后一种否定形式。
问九：这里有一道单选题：
—I don't know if he _____ ．
—He will come if it _____ ．
A．comes；won't rain
B．will come；doesn't rain
C．come；doesn't rain
D．will come；won't rain
所给答案是B。为什么同为if引导的从句，上一句能用将来时，下一句却不能用将来时？
答：这里的if具有双重功能，既能引导宾语从句，又能引导条件状语从句。当if引导宾语从句时，根据时态呼应原则，该从句可选用将来时；可当if引导状语从句时，通常要用一般现在时表达将来时。另外，类似if具有双重功能的连词还有when。例如：
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？（宾语从句）
—Sorry，I don't know．When he comes back，I'll tell you．（时间状语从句）
巩固练习：
I．单项选择。
1．He said _____ everyone was here except Lin Feng．
a．that
b．what
c．when
d．where
2．—Today or tomorrow？
—What are you talking about？
—We are talking about _____ to give a talk on WTO．
a．how
b．where
c．when
d．what
3．She asked me if I knew _____ ．
a．whose pen is it
b．whose pen it was
c．whose pen it is
d．whose pen was it
4．I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years．
a．whether
b．where
c．what
d．when
5．I don't know _____ he will come tomorrow． _____ he comes，I'll tell you．
a．if；Whether
b．whether；Whether
c．if；That
d．if；If
6．—Excuse me．Could you tell me _____ get to the station？
—Certainly．Go straight along here．
a．how can we
b．how we can
c．when can we
d．when we can
7．I don't think that the book is very useful， _____ ？
a．do I
b．is it
c．doesn't it
d．isn't it
II．句型转换，每空一词。
1．“Do you love the country life？”she asked me．
She asked me if _____ _____ the country life．
2．Is the Summer Palace open now？Could you tell me？
Could you tell me _____ the Summer Palace _____ _____ now？
3．Please tell me where we should show our tickets．
Please tell me _____ _____ show our tickets．
4．“Where does he live？”Mr Hu asked．
Mr Hu asked where _____ _____ ．
5．Is the earth round？The little boy asked．
The little boy asked _____ the earth _____ round．
Key:
再会宾语从句：
I．1—5acbad 6—7 bb
II．1．Iloved
2．whether／if；is open
3．where to
4．he lived
5．whether／if；is

that后面一班都是