cmis cmip:关于客家围屋的文章

The Hakka rounds the house
The Hakka rounds the house is main building form that the ancient Hakka people reside.And the Hakka small village of the ping mountain mainly with" the square house round" type building, the scale has to is greatly small, each difference of style, keep the quality degree also each not same.The most famous for big ten thousand round big ten thousand a life times to reside, male ancestral temple, village of Toyota of the 仕泰 of the 禾 a head of a life time of Toyota reside the etc..

The ping mountain Hakka rounds the house in regard to it construct origin, belong to the plum state Hakka the people resides one department.From the function in addition to see, in addition to dwell, still be over-emphasize in the defense.Raise the clan but reside, the high wall matches to round, establishing the of 哨 on the wall similar to rob the eye, the wall crest open up to cruise the way, in city wall, four Capes build the building of 碉 ;In choosing the address, since pay attention to the nature and man to unite as one, attend to the geomancy in addition.A life time of Toyota of the village of Toyota reside, carrying on the back to depend the ancient wood for three days of ZHU GU3 LING3, whole round the sons to all be placed in the green wreath of 阴 to embrace in, the bluish green wave that an ex- pond ripple that add, country of 蜀 for its vehemence to be no more lousy than old in of lie the dragon mountain, the vehemence is uncommon.In constructing the structure, round the structure, the wall body and the slope roofs that the house inherits title the Central plains traditional people to reside, according to the southern weather characteristics, take" four three" as the basic building unit, the house that become" three halls two horizontal" as core resides the unit.On the flat surface layout, the layer is clear, or so and symmetry, have an obvious of medium the stalk line, main building houses all at in the stalk is on-line to arrange, setoff the building all is establish in the both sides of the main building.However, the ping mountain Hakka rounds the house, it have construct time after all be apart from historical" change residence for the third time" for several a hundred years, as a result, it constructed the structure and styleses to all have the delicate variety.The ping mountain Hakka rounds the characteristic performance of the house at following few aspectses:Sign to face while is a building in the wall up, an one-storied house that is no longer uniformly construct, having between each last or positive hall to result in two floor buildings, also have in win the positive hall of the hall to add the half layer attic;Two is a horizontal house with the positive house, horizontal house and the horizontal house, the purpose box off with the courtyard and tunnels is fresher and clear, the courtyard became the frame of the hall, the tunnel becomes to round inside of transportation network;Three certain peoples reside to defendoof the function gradually the time downplay, more for pay attention to the beautiful comfort.The deer 岭 a life time of the ping mountain resides the etc., taking to have the heavy 侨 country style, being rated as to round the house form system toward modern to reside the edition of the house transition.Four is the core that the ancestral temple of clan is the structure to round the house, no longer be like the rule similar be emphasize, also allow to set up in round the house outside, such as:New Joe's a life time of the pit 梓 ( belong to the ping mountain at first) reside, its ancestral temple of clan- river 厦 hall, set up in round outdoors;Five is a carvings, mural and color etc. this decorates the art to get the value more and more in the building.Any rival divine skill that raises the tile 檐 , beam 栋 and holds the door, window 匾 , the gallery wall to all have the craftsman endows with the form, it make person sigh for the view.

客家围屋
客家围屋是古代客家民居的主要建筑形式。而坪山镇的客家村落主要以“方屋围”式建筑，规模有大有小，风格各异，保存好坏程度也各不相同。最出名的为大万围大万世居、禾场头的仕泰公祠、丰田村的丰田世居等等。

坪山客家围屋就其建筑渊源而言，属于梅州客家民居一系。从功能上看，除栖身外，还偏重于防御。举族而居，高墙合围，墙上设有哨口和抢眼，墙顶辟有巡道，类似于城墙，四角筑碉楼；在选址上，既讲究天人合一，又兼顾风水。丰田村的丰田世居，背靠古木参天的朱古岭，整个围子都处在绿阴环抱之中，加之门前一池荡漾的碧波，其气势不逊于旧时蜀国里的卧龙山，气势非凡。在建筑结构上，围屋承袭了中原传统民居的架构、墙体和斜坡屋顶，根据南方气候特点，以“四扇三间”为基本建筑单位，形成“三堂两横”为核心的家居单元。平面布局上，层次分明，左右对称，有一条明显的中轴线，主要的建筑屋都在中轴在线布置，陪衬建筑均设于主建筑物的两旁。然而，坪山客家围屋，其建筑时间毕竟距历史上的“第三次迁徙”有几百年历史，因而，其建筑结构及风格都有了微妙的变化。坪山客家围屋的特征表现在以下几个方面：一是墙内的建筑立面上，不再是清一色的平房建造，有的在上堂或正堂间造成二层楼房，也有的在中堂的正堂内加半层阁楼；二是横屋与正屋间，横屋与横屋间，用天井和巷道分隔的立意更为鲜明，天井成了堂的框架，巷道成了围内的交通网络；三是有的民居防御功能渐次淡化，更为讲究美观舒适。坪山的鹿岭世居等，带有浓郁的侨乡风格，堪称围屋形制向现代居宅过渡的版本。四是宗祠作为结构围屋的核心，不再像法则一样得到强调，也允许建于围屋之外，如：坑梓镇（原属坪山镇）的新乔世居，它的宗祠———江厦堂，就建于围屋外；五是雕刻、壁画、彩绘等这类装饰艺术在建筑中越来越得到重视。凡举瓦檐、梁栋、屏门、窗匾、廊墙均有工匠的巧夺天工的赋形，令人叹为观止。

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