稀的反义词是什么呢:哪位知道海明威死于哪年？什么原因？能不能用英文翻译出来？

Biography for
Ernest Hemingway

Birth name
Ernest Miller Hemingway
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nickname
Papa
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Height
6' (1.83 m)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mini biography
Ernest Hemingway was born into the hands of his physician father. He was the second of six children to Doctor Clarence Hemingway and Grace Hemingway (daughter of an English immigrant). His father's interests in history and literature, as well as his outdoorsy hobbies - fishing and hunting, became a lifestyle for Hemingway. His mother was a domineering type. She dressed Ernest as a girl and called him Ernestine. She also had a habit of abusing his quiet father, who was suffering from diabetes, and ended up committing suicide. Hemingway later described the community in his hometown as one having "wide lawns and narrow minds".

In 1916 Hemingway graduated from high school and began his writing career as a reporter for The Kansas City Star. There he adopted his minimalist style by following the Star's style guide: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative." Six months later he joined the Ambulance Corps in WWI and worked as an ambulance driver on the Italian front, picking up human remains. In July 1918 he was seriously wounded by a mortar shell, that left shrapnel in both of his legs, and he was awarded the Silver Medal.

He became a Toronto Star reporter in Paris. There he published his first books, called "Three Stories and Ten Poems" (1923), and "In our time" (1924). In Paris he met Gertrude Stein, who introduced him to the circle, that she called the "Lost Generation". F. Scott Fitzgerald, Thornton Wilder, Sherwood Anderson, and Ezra Pound were stimulating Hemingway's talent. At that time he wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (1926), "A Farewell to Arms" (1929), and a dazzling collection of Forty-Nine stories. Hemingway also regarded the Russian writers, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Ivan Turgenev, and Anton Chekhov as his important influences. Hemingway met Pablo Picasso and other artists through Gertrude Stein. "A Movable Feast" (1964) is his classic memoir of Paris after WWI.

Hemingway participated in the Spanish Civil War and in the World War II, by taking part in the D-day invasion of France. He took an active part in the military action. In one case he attacked the Nazis by throwing three hand grenades into an SS bunker and killing SS officers. He was decorated with the Bronze Medal for WWII. His military experiences were emulated in "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940) and in several other stories. He settled near Havana, Cuba, where he wrote "The Old Man and the Sea" (1953), for which he received a Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature. The eponymous film, starring Spencer Tracy as the Old Man, was nominated for three Academy Awards and won one Oscar.

War wounds, two plane crashes, four marriages, and several other affairs took their toll on his hereditary predispositions and things fell into pieces. Hemingway was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and insomnia in his later years. His mental condition was exacerbated by chronic alcoholism, diabetes and liver failure. After an unsuccessful treatment with electro-convulsive therapy, he suffered severe amnesia, and his condition worsened. The memory loss obstructed his writing and everyday life. He committed suicide in 1961. Posthumous publications revealed a considerable body of his hidden writings, that was edited by his fourth wife, Mary, and also by his son Patrick Hemingway.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IMDb mini-biography by
Steve Shelokhonov
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Spouse
Mary Welsh (14 March 1946 - 2 July 1961) (his death)
Martha Gellhorn (5 November 1940 - 21 December 1945) (divorced)
Pauline Pfeiffer (10 May 1927 - 4 November 1940) (divorced) 2 sons
Hadley Richardson (3 September 1921 - 10 March 1927) (divorced) 1 son

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Trivia
Was awarded the 1954 Nobel prize in literature.

Born at 8:0am-CST

Pictured on a 25¢ US commemorative postage stamp in the Literary Arts series, issued 17 July 1989.

For a man who survived two plane crashes, it's somewhat ironic that he would take his own life in the end. He is the grandfather of sister actresses Mariel Hemingway and the late Margaux Hemingway (also a suicide, in 1996, as was her great-grandfather, Ernest's father).

It's estimated Hemingway left behind over 8,000 personal and business letters, and plans were announced in May 2002 to attempt to collect and publish most of them in a set that could exceed 10 volumes.

Grandfather of actresses Mariel Hemingwayand Margaux Hemingway

Unlike his great contemporaries Fitzgerald, Faulkner and Steinbeck, Hemingway never wrote for the movies, but he had no objection to selling his novels and short stories for good prices to producers.

A.E. Hotcher, in his 1966 memoir of his friendship with "Papa Hemingway." reports that the great writer chose him in the late 1950s as his emissary to Hollywood to sell the Nick Adams stories. Hemingway, hobbled by mental illness and bad health, wanted an unprecedented $1 million for the movie rights to the stories, but Hotchner was only able to get him $100,000. The stories are the basis for Martin Ritt's film "Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man" (1962), which came out the year after Papa's death. Hotchner wrote the screenplay, as he did for the tele-play "The World of Nick Adams" (1957).

Hemingway suffered from bipolar disorder, then known as manic depression, and was treated with electroshock therapy at the Menninger Clinic. The therapy, he claimed, had destroyed his memory, which was essential to a writer, and he told his friend A.E. Hotchner that his memory loss was one of the reasons he no longer wanted to live. The condition was hereditary: Hemingway's father Clarence likely suffered from it, as did at least one of his sisters, Ursula, and his only brother, Leicester, as did one of his sons, Gregory, and his granddaughter Margaux. In addition to Ernest, Hemingway's father Clarence, his siblings Ursula and Leicester, and his granddaughter Margaux all committed suicide. His son Gregory died in police custody after being picked up in a stupor shortly after a sex change operation.

His house in Key West, Florida, where he wrote a good deal of his literature, is now a museum in his honor. One other interesting note about the house is that the lineage of cats that live there hereditarily have six toes on each foot, going back to Hemmingway's own cats.

One son, John (Jack or Bumby) with first wife; two sons, Patrick and Gregory, with second. Only Patrick survives as of this writing (June 2005).

He was married four times, and dedicated a book for each wife during the time he was married to them.

He admired Russian writers Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Anton Chekhov among others.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Personal quotes
"As you get older, it is harder to have heroes, but it is sort of necessary."

"A cat has absolute emotional honesty: human beings, for one reason or another, may hide their feelings, but a cat does not."

"All things truly wicked start from an innocence."

"There are events which are so great that if a writer has participated in them his obligation is to write truly rather than assume the presumption of altering them with invention."

"All my life I've looked at words as though I were seeing them for the first time."

"If the book is good, is about something that you know, and is truly written, and reading it over you see that this is so, you can let the boys yip and the noise will have that pleasant sound coyotes make on a very cold night when they are out in the snow and you are in your own cabin that you have built or paid for with your work."

"God knows people who are paid to have attitudes toward things, professional critics, make me sick; camp following eunuchs of literature. They won't even whore. They're all virtuous and sterile. And how well meaning and high minded. But they're all camp followers."

"A man's got to take a lot of punishment to write a really funny book."

Remember this too: all bad writers are in love with the epic.

Always do sober what you said you'd do drunk. That will teach you to keep your mouth shut.

"Never mistake motion for action"

"There is no hunting like the hunting of men, especially armed men, and those who have done this long enough to like it...they never care for anything else thereafter."

Salary
Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man (1962) $100,000
The Sun Also Rises (1957) $10,000
The Killers (1946) $36,700

人家的死了,你就别追问了

海明威生于1899年，死于1961年