针织帽子:詹天佑英语简介！

詹天佑的资料
詹天佑的资料 - 詹天佑简介
詹天佑，字眷诚。1861年生于广东南海县。1872年7月8日年仅12岁的詹天佑作为中国第一批官办留美学生留学美国。
詹天佑在美国先后就学于威哈吩小学，弩哈吩中学，1881年又以优异成绩毕业于耶鲁大学，并写出题为《码头起重机的研究》的毕业论文，获学士学位，并于同年回国。回国后詹天佑入马尾船政前学堂学习，学成后派往福建水师旗舰“扬武”任炮手，参加了马尾海战。战后被调入黄埔水师学堂任教习。
福建水师旗舰“扬武”
1888年，詹天佑由老同学邝孙谋的推荐，到中国铁路公司任工程师。被湮没了七年之久的詹天佑才有机会献身于祖国的铁路事业。此时正值天津-唐山铁路施工，他不愿久居天津，就亲临工地，与工人同甘共苦，结果只用八十天的时间就竣工通车了。但李鸿章却以英人金达之功上奏，并提升金达为总工程师。詹天佑之功就这样被剽窃了。
1890年清政府又修关内外铁路（今京沈铁路），以金达为总工程师。1892年工程进行到滦河大桥，许多国家都想兜揽这桩生意，金达当然以英人为先，但英人喀克斯以建不成桥而失败。日本、德国的承包者也都遭失败。由于交工期限将至，金达才不得不求于詹天佑。詹天佑详尽分析了各国失败原因，又对滦河底的地质土壤进行了周密的测量研究之后，决定改变桩址，采用中国传统的方法，以中国的潜水员潜入河底，配以机器操作，胜利完成了打桩任务，建成滦河大桥。这一胜利长了中国人民的志气。1894年英国工程研究会选举詹天佑为该会会员。
此后，詹天佑又领导了京津路、萍醴路（萍乡至醴陵）等铁路的建筑。
袁世凯为讨好那拉氏，1902年奏请修建一条专供皇室祭祖之用的新易铁路（高碑店至易县）。坐火车去祭祖，那拉氏自然高兴。为了不误1903年祭祖之用，命袁世凯于六个月内完工。袁世凯命詹天佑为总工程师。尽管此路价值不大，却是中国人自修铁路之始，因此詹天佑仍是非常重视。詹天佑彻底抛弃了当时外国人必须在路基修成之后风干一年才可铺轨的常规，仅用四个月的时间以极省的费用建成新易铁路。大大鼓舞了中国人自建铁路的信心，为后来京张铁路的修筑打下良好基础。
张家口为北京通往内蒙古的要冲，南北旅商来往之孔道，向来为兵家所必争，因此京张铁路就有着重要的经济价值和政治价值。当清廷要修京张路的消息传出后，在华势力最大的英国志在必得，视长城以北为其势力范围的沙俄誓不相让，双方争持不下，最后达成协议：如果清廷不借外债，不用洋匠，全由中国人自修此路，双方可都不伸手。这样，清政府就打消了求救于洋人的念头而一心自修了。
1905年5月，京张铁路总局和工程局成立，以陈昭常为总办，詹天佑为会办兼总工程师，1906年詹天佑又升为总办兼总工程师。詹天佑清楚地知道这一任务的艰巨性，他首先必须顶住来自各方面的冷嘲热讽：有人说他是“自不量力”，“不过花几个钱罢了”，甚至说他是“胆大妄为”。他给他的美国老师诺索朴夫人的信中就这样说：“如果京张工程失败的话，不但是我的不幸，中国工程师的不幸，同时带给中国很大损失。在我接受这一任务前后，许多外国人露骨地宣称中国工程师不能担当京张线的石方和山洞的艰巨工程，但是我坚持我工程”。充分体现了中国知识分子的爱国心和民族责任心。
詹天佑勘测了三条路线，第二条绕道过远为不可取。第三条就是今天的丰沙线。由于清廷拨款有限，时间紧迫，詹天佑决定采用第一条路线，即从丰台北上西直门、沙河、经南口、居庸关、八达岭、怀来、鸡鸣驿、宣化到张家口，全长360华里。全线的难关在关沟，这一带叠峦重嶂，悬殊峭壁，工程之难在当时为全国所没有，世界所罕见；坡度极大，南口和八达岭的高度相差180丈。詹天佑把全线分为三段：丰台到南口为第一段，南口到康庄为第二段，余为第三段。
1905年9月4日正式开工，12月12日开始铺轨。就在铺轨的第一天，一列工程车的一个车钩链子折断，造成脱轨事故。这一下成了中国人不能自修铁路的证据，各种诽谤中伤纷至沓来。但詹天佑没有惊慌失措，反倒冷静地想到：此路坡度极大，每节车厢之间的连接性能稍有不固，事故就难避免。为此，他使用了自动挂钩法，终于解决了这个问题。
1906年9月30日第一段工程全部通车，第二段工程同时开始。难关就在第二段，首先必须打通居庸关、五桂头、石佛寺、八达岭四条隧道，最长的八达岭隧道1，092公尺。这不仅要有精确的计算和正确的指挥，还要有新式的开山机、通风机和抽水机。前者对詹天佑都不成问题，而后者当时中国全都没有，只在靠工人的双手，其困难程度可以想见。他们硬是克服了重重困难，终于在1908年9月完成了第二段工程。
第三段工程的难度仅次于关沟，首先遇到的是怀来大桥，这是京张路上最长的一座桥，它由七根一百英尺长的钢梁架设而成。由于詹天佑正确地指挥，及时建成。1909年4月2日火车通到下花园。下花园到鸡鸣驿矿区岔道一段虽不长，工程极难。右临羊河，左傍石山，山上要开一条六丈深的通道，山下要垫高七华里长的河床。詹天佑即以山上开道之石来垫山下河床。为防山洪冲击路基，又用水泥砖加以保护，胜利完成了第三段工段。
对于工程上的困难，詹天佑从未放在眼里，对于人为的障碍却使詹天佑忧愤至极。清河有个叫广宅的人，是前任道员，皇室载泽的亲戚，朝野均有势力。铁路恰经其坟地，他即率众闹事，阻止工程，私下又许以重贿，要求改道。邮传部竟不敢过问。这里北面是郑王坟，南面是宦官坟，西面是那拉氏父亲桂公坟，要大改道不知要浪费多少时间和经费。詹天佑以受贿为可耻，绝不改道，竟以去留相力争。最后因五大臣出洋被炸，载泽吓得不敢与闻外事，广宅才因失去靠山而同意经其坟墙以外通过。
那拉氏为修颐和园每年不惜数千万金，独不愿为修路出钱。京张铁路经费全靠关内外铁路的赢余，而此款却被控制在英国汇丰银行手中，正当进入第二段工程时，汇丰银行故意刁难，拖付款饷，造成误工。詹天佑既不善钻营于权贵，更耻于逢迎于洋人，因而愤懑至极。
帝国主义无时不想夺取此路，工程一开始，日本人雨宫敬次郎就上书袁世凯说：中国人无力修成此路，不如聘请日本技师较为稳妥。英国人金达也来替日本说项。詹天佑以此路决不任用任何一个外国人为由断然拒绝。居庸关遂道工程开始后，三五成群的外国人，以打猎为名常来窥探，他们希望工程失败以便乘人之危。詹天佑以出色的成绩为中国人出了这口气。
京张铁路建成典礼
此路原订六年完成，詹天佑终于提前两年于1909年8月11日全线通车了，还节余二十八万两银子。京张路的胜利完成，是中国人民的胜利，也是中国爱国知识分子爱国精神的充分体现。
京张路完式之后，詹天佑应广东商办粤汉铁路总公司的聘请，于1910年任该公司总理，又于1912年5月兼任汉粤川铁路会办。由于中国政府的腐败无能，帝国主义的在华角逐，竟使这位爱国的、天才的杰出工程师不能施展才能，焦虑至极。终因劳瘁成疾，于1919年4月24日下午三时半逝世于汉口，享年五十九岁。

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詹天佑英文简介
Tianyou (1861-1919), wife and children - and word-flows and native Anhui inspecting (currently under Jiangxi), Qianlong 25 years (1760), grandfather of tea with family members to Guangzhou operating business. Jiaqing 21 years (1816), grandfather moved outside 12 just West, the South China Sea 25 years naturalization counties (12 of the South China Sea just at the time of arrest). Represented parents live in just 12. Represented was born in Guangzhou. Rule together 11 years (1872), as young as 12 years old represented the first successful U.S.-selected government study, with his Hong traveling abroad. 1878 (1878) entered the United States Yale University Civil Engineering Department, the study projects, outstanding. Guangxu seven years after the return, sent ships Councils Fuzhou Navy ships driving school to learn, by five goods military exploit. The following year graduated in Jan force of warships sent. Guangxu decade of Fuzhou ship Councils school teacher for teaching seriously, by the Qing government Dingdai five goods. In autumn, the Governor should be sold Zhangzhidong request, to the Guangdong Province Guangdong Whampoa real learning Museum teacher. After a study hall instead learned Museum, surface inspection division. Represented continuation, and in the design and construction of Battery mapping coastal charts. Guangxu 14 years to Tianjin-China Railway Engineering Corporation Gang Division (now the engineers. The same below), in the construction of Jingu Railway. Later in the construction of Tianjin elm Railway, the use of "pressure gas caisson method" piling, the successful completion of the Great River Bridge Luan River bridge foundation works to address the unresolved problems of foreign engineers. Guangxu 20 years been absorbed in the British Civil Engineering Institute. Thereafter has engaged in Tianjin Lo, Jinzhou, Ping, sweet wine such as railway construction. Guangxu 28 years, appointed a new independent Yi railway projects for my own preparations for Beijing Zhang railway done. Guangxu She recommended to the Department of Business, a 4-foot 8-inch National Unity (1.435 m) standards track uniform engineering standards, promote the use of automatic coupling to our own design and lay a sound foundation for the construction of the railway. This year, he was appointed to the Department, the Department of Road Works Members and mail consultants, and elected to Shanghai, the European Institute of Architects Royal Engineers. In the same year he was transferred to Beijing Zhang, Chief Engineer of the railway will run, the total run, the construction of Beijing Zhang Railway. According to the terrain will be represented in Shanyao tracks running "person" font, circuitous travel, followed and, in order to meet the Tsing Lung Bridge, the route than originally planned to reduce by half. Railway line in Beijing Zhang construction process, the use of blasting France, launched Block 4 Tunnel. Badaling tunnels which span 1,091 metres, drilling, construction of a straight wells France, accelerated progress cave had no little difference to Jing Zhang railway built two years earlier, in Xuantong Period 145,000 (1909) officially opened in August. British chief engineer Kinda Cox also agreed with the "music." Jing Zhang of China Railway built a milestone in the development of modern science and technology, represented the first railway to train engineers for the construction of a well-developed railway and railway traffic management, road maintenance, motorcycles, cable, and a patrol. Xuantong Period 2002 (1910), represented by the court in awarding engineering Scholars first. Xuantong Period spring back to the Guangzhou office of three years 粤汉 Canton Railway Corporation to run Premier (general manager) and the total project Division. In May leading Guangdong Lu company Lo authorities against court to "state" for the right to sell foreign player Lu. Wuchang Uprising, leading Yue - Han Railroad personnel to all positions and ensure that trains will operate in support of the Revolution of 1911. The first (1912) in May represented in the sand Station (provincial Yue - Han Railroad Company headquarters) to Dr. Sun Yat-sen inspections. July was appointed Yue - Han Railroad will be running. In December Renhan Guangdong and Sichuan Road will be done to help manage and competent engineering services. In Guangzhou tenure, the creation of a multidisciplinary academic groups Guangdong China engineer, was elected the first president. 1913, the initiative will be engineers Guangdong China, the Shanghai Institute, the Shanghai Road will be merged my masonic 3 in the establishment of China Hankow engineers will be elected the first president. Granted by the government in 1914 and was promoted to second class Jiahe Zhang Han Guangdong and Sichuan for rail handling, after his election as Member of the British railway track. 1919, on behalf of Northeast China to attend the joint supervision of the Far East Railway International Conference strongly defend national sovereignty. Represented write a "Railway terminology table", "Wa Ying workers learn new vocabulary," and has edited the "Jing Zhang railway standards," and "Jing Zhang Railway Discipline slightly." 24 April 1919 at Hankow under death behind Beijing. By the PRC Ministry of Railways in 1982 held a grand ceremony of the Tsing Lung Bridge Juyongguan have left the station.

中文介绍：
詹天佑，（1861-1919）号眷诚，字达潮，祖籍安徽省婺源县(现属江西)，清乾隆二十五年(1760)，曾祖父携家眷到广州经营茶叶生意。嘉庆二十一年(1816)，祖父迁居西门外十二甫，二十五年入籍南海县(十二甫当时属南海捕属)。詹天佑父母也居住在十二甫。詹天佑出生于广州。
同治十一年(1872)，年仅12岁的詹天佑考取清政府选派首批赴美留学，随容闳出洋。光绪四年（1878）考入美国耶鲁大学土木工程系，学习铁路工程，成绩优异。光绪七年毕业回国，被派福州船政局后学堂学习海军轮船驾驶，获五品军功。次年毕业，被派在扬武号兵舰。光绪十年任福州船政局后学堂教习，因教学认真，获清政府五品顶戴。同年秋，应两广总督张之洞之请，回粤任广东省黄埔实学馆教习。实学馆后改为博学馆、水陆师学堂。詹天佑继续任职，并参与设计修筑沿海炮台和测绘海图。
光绪十四年到天津任中国铁路公司帮工程司（即今工程师。下同），参与修建津沽铁路。其后在修筑津榆铁路时，采用"压气沉箱法"打桩，顺利完成了滦河大铁桥桥梁的基础工程，解决了外国工程师未能解决的难题。光绪二十年被吸收参加英国土木工程师学会。此后还先后从事津芦、锦州、萍醴等铁路修筑。光绪二十八年被委派独立主持新易铁路工程，为我国自建京张铁路做了先期准备。
光绪三十一年向商部建议，全国统一采用4英尺8英寸（1.435米)标准轨道，统一工程标准，推广使用自动车钩，为我国自行设计修建铁路打下良好基础。是年，被任命为商部、邮传部路务议员及顾问，同时被选入上海、欧洲皇家工程师建筑师学会。同年被调任京张铁路总工程师兼会办、总办，主持修建京张铁路。詹天佑根据地形在山腰处将铁轨铺成"人"字形，迂回往返，依次而上，以达青龙桥，使路线比原计划缩短一半。在京张铁路全线施工过程中，采用爆破法，开通了4座隧道。其中八达岭隧道全长1091米，开凿时，采用直井法施工，加快了进度，山洞打通，无稍差异，使京张铁路提前两年建成，于宣统元年（1909）八月正式通车。英国的总工程师金达与柯克斯也赞之为"绝技"。京张铁路的建成是中国近代科技发展的一个里程碑，詹天佑为我国培养了第一批铁路工程人员，为修筑铁路和管理铁路制定了周密的行车、养路、机车、电报、巡警等规程。
宣统二年(1910)，詹天佑被清廷授给工科进士第一名。宣统三年春回广州就任广东商办粤汉铁路公司总理(总经理)兼总工程司。同年五月领导粤路公司成立保路机关所，反对清廷以"国有"为名将路权卖给外国。武昌起义后，领导粤汉铁路全体人员坚守岗位，保证列车照常运行，支持辛亥革命。民国元年(1912)5月詹天佑在黄沙车站(省粤汉铁路总公司总部)迎接孙中山先生视察。7月被任命为粤汉铁路会办。同年12月任汉粤川路会办，协助督办、主管工程事务。在广州任职期间，创立了多学科学术团体广东中华工程师会，当选为首任会长。1913年，创议将广东中华工程师会、上海工学会、上海路工同人共济会三会合并，于汉口成立中华工程师会，被推选为首任会长。1914年获政府授予二等嘉禾章并升任为汉粤川铁路督办，后当选为英国铁路轨道学会会员。1919年，代表中国往东北出席国际联合监管远东铁路会议，极力维护国家主权。
詹天佑编著有《铁路名词表》、《新编华英工学字汇》等，并曾主编《京张铁路标准图》、《京张铁路工程纪略》。
1919年4月24目在汉口逝世，葬于北京。1982年由中华人民共和国铁道部举行隆重仪式，移葬于居庸关下青龙桥车站。

Tianyou (1861-1919), wife and children - and word-flows and native Anhui inspecting (currently under Jiangxi), Qianlong 25 years (1760), grandfather of tea with family members to Guangzhou operating business. Jiaqing 21 years (1816), grandfather moved outside 12 just West, the South China Sea 25 years naturalization counties (12 of the South China Sea just at the time of arrest). Represented parents live in just 12. Represented was born in Guangzhou. Rule together 11 years (1872), as young as 12 years old represented the first successful U.S.-selected government study, with his Hong traveling abroad. 1878 (1878) entered the United States Yale University Civil Engineering Department, the study projects, outstanding. Guangxu seven years after the return, sent ships Councils Fuzhou Navy ships driving school to learn, by five goods military exploit. The following year graduated in Jan force of warships sent. Guangxu decade of Fuzhou ship Councils school teacher for teaching seriously, by the Qing government Dingdai five goods. In autumn, the Governor should be sold Zhangzhidong request, to the Guangdong Province Guangdong Whampoa real learning Museum teacher. After a study hall instead learned Museum, surface inspection division. Represented continuation, and in the design and construction of Battery mapping coastal charts. Guangxu 14 years to Tianjin-China Railway Engineering Corporation Gang Division (now the engineers. The same below), in the construction of Jingu Railway. Later in the construction of Tianjin elm Railway, the use of "pressure gas caisson method" piling, the successful completion of the Great River Bridge Luan River bridge foundation works to address the unresolved problems of foreign engineers. Guangxu 20 years been absorbed in the British Civil Engineering Institute. Thereafter has engaged in Tianjin Lo, Jinzhou, Ping, sweet wine such as railway construction. Guangxu 28 years, appointed a new independent Yi railway projects for my own preparations for Beijing Zhang railway done. Guangxu She recommended to the Department of Business, a 4-foot 8-inch National Unity (1.435 m) standards track uniform engineering standards, promote the use of automatic coupling to our own design and lay a sound foundation for the construction of the railway. This year, he was appointed to the Department, the Department of Road Works Members and mail consultants, and elected to Shanghai, the European Institute of Architects Royal Engineers. In the same year he was transferred to Beijing Zhang, Chief Engineer of the railway will run, the total run, the construction of Beijing Zhang Railway. According to the terrain will be represented in Shanyao tracks running "person" font, circuitous travel, followed and, in order to meet the Tsing Lung Bridge, the route than originally planned to reduce by half. Railway line in Beijing Zhang construction process, the use of blasting France, launched Block 4 Tunnel. Badaling tunnels which span 1,091 metres, drilling, construction of a straight wells France, accelerated progress cave had no little difference to Jing Zhang railway built two years earlier, in Xuantong Period 145,000 (1909) officially opened in August. British chief engineer Kinda Cox also agreed with the "music." Jing Zhang of China Railway built a milestone in the development of modern science and technology, represented the first railway to train engineers for the construction of a well-developed railway and railway traffic management, road maintenance, motorcycles, cable, and a patrol. Xuantong Period 2002 (1910), represented by the court in awarding engineering Scholars first. Xuantong Period spring back to the Guangzhou office of three years 粤汉 Canton Railway Corporation to run Premier (general manager) and the total project Division. In May leading Guangdong Lu company Lo authorities against court to "state" for the right to sell foreign player Lu. Wuchang Uprising, leading Yue - Han Railroad personnel to all positions and ensure that trains will operate in support of the Revolution of 1911. The first (1912) in May represented in the sand Station (provincial Yue - Han Railroad Company headquarters) to Dr. Sun Yat-sen inspections. July was appointed Yue - Han Railroad will be running. In December Renhan Guangdong and Sichuan Road will be done to help manage and competent engineering services. In Guangzhou tenure, the creation of a multidisciplinary academic groups Guangdong China engineer, was elected the first president. 1913, the initiative will be engineers Guangdong China, the Shanghai Institute, the Shanghai Road will be merged my masonic 3 in the establishment of China Hankow engineers will be elected the first president. Granted by the government in 1914 and was promoted to second class Jiahe Zhang Han Guangdong and Sichuan for rail handling, after his election as Member of the British railway track. 1919, on behalf of Northeast China to attend the joint supervision of the Far East Railway International Conference strongly defend national sovereignty. Represented write a "Railway terminology table", "Wa Ying workers learn new vocabulary," and has edited the "Jing Zhang railway standards," and "Jing Zhang Railway Discipline slightly." 24 April 1919 at Hankow under death behind Beijing. By the PRC Ministry of Railways in 1982 held a grand ceremony of the Tsing Lung Bridge Juyongguan have left the station.

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