下单系统源代码:形容词副词讲解

英语复习指导---语法结构---形容词和副词形容词和副词在语法结构中主要用于比较级和最高级。形容词和副词的构成形式基本上一样，它们的形式与单音节、双音节和多音节有关，当然还有其特殊形式。形容词和副词比较级的基本用法分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。但这三种形式都有它们特殊的表达方式以及它们的惯用法。对以下要点大家须一一掌握。

第一节 形容词比较级和最高级的形式

一、形容词比较级和最高级的构成
形容词的比较级和最高级变化形式规则如下
构 成 法 原 级 比 较 级 最 高 级
① 一般单音节词末尾加?er 和 ?est strong stronger strongest
② 单音节词如果以?e结尾，只加?r 和?st strange stranger strangest
③ 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有 一个辅音字母，
须先双写这个辅音字母，再加?er和?est sad
big
hot sadder
bigger
hotter saddest
biggest
hottest
④ 少数以?y,?er(或?ure),?ow,?ble结尾的双音节词，
末尾加?er和?est(以?y结尾的词，如?y前是辅音字母，
把y变成i，再加?er和?est，以?e结尾的词仍
只加?r和?st) angry
clever
narrow
noble angrier
cleverer
narrower
nobler angrest
cleverest
narrowest
noblest
⑤ 其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most different more
different most
different

1) The most high 〔A〕 mountain in 〔B〕 the world is Mount Everest， which is situated 〔C〕 in Nepal and is
twenty?nine thousand one hundred and fourty one feet high 〔D〕 .
2) This house is spaciouser 〔A〕 than that 〔B〕 white 〔C〕 one I bought in Rapid City， South Dakota 〔D〕 last year.
3) Research in the social 〔A〕 sciences often proves difficulter 〔B〕 than similar 〔C〕 work in the physical 〔D〕 sciences.

二、形容词比较级或最高级的特殊形式：
1. 三个或三个以上音节的形容词只能加more和most
只能说 more beautiful而不能说beautifuller; 只能说the most beautiful而不能说beautifullest。
但是，以形容前缀?un结尾的三音节形容词不适合上述情况，如unhappy,untidy，我们可以说：unhappier→unhappiest, untidier→untidiest
2. 由?ING分词和?ED分词演变过来的形容词(包括不规则动词如know→known)只能加more或most来表示它们的比较级和最高级
more(most) striking, more(most) interesting, more(most) wounded, more(most)worn等。
4) The drawings 〔A〕 of the old masters 〔B〕 are among the treasuredest 〔C〕 works in museums 〔D〕 .
3. 英语里有些形容词由于其词义而不可能有比较级形式

absolute fatal main right universal
chief final naked simulta- utter
entire foremost perfect neous vital
eternal?inevitable?possible?sufficient?whole?
excellent infinite primary supreme wooden

三、不规则形容词的比较级和最高级形式

good
well? better??best

bad
ill??worse??worst

many
much? more??most

little
few? less??least

far? farther??farthest
???further??furthest

5) African elephants are larger， fiercer， and difficulter 〔A〕 to tame 〔B〕 than 〔C〕 Asian elephants 〔D〕 .
6) Sarah Hale became 〔A〕 one of the famousest 〔B〕 magazine 〔C〕 editors in the United States during 〔D〕 the 1800’s.
7) Of all 〔A〕 the Native American tribes 〔B〕 ， the Shawnee Indians were 〔C〕 a most 〔D〕 transient.

四、例题解析
1) A错。应将“most high”改为highest。这是在考形容词比较级的构成形式。
2) A错。改为more spacious。
3) B错。 改为more difficult。
4) C错。 treasured 在本句中是?ED分词(动词treasure ＋ed)作形容词使用，是“宝贵的、珍贵的”意思，修饰名词 works(作品)，其最高级形式应用 the most treasured。
5) A错，改为more difficult。
6) B错。改为“the most famous”，因为famous(著名的)是双音节，其最高级变化应在前面加“the most”。
7) D错。应改为“the most”，因为此处表示的是最高级，“the most transient”意为“(延续时间)最短暂的”。

第二节 副词比较级和最高级的形式

副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样
一般 副词
hard→harder →hardest
fast→faster →fastest
late→later →latest
early→earlier →earliest
特殊 副词
well →better →best
much →more →most
badly →worse →worst
little →less →least 但是，开放类副词即以后缀?ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加?er或?est，如
quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly
〔注〕： early中的?ly不是后缀，故可以把?y变?i再加?er和?est

第三节 形容词与副词比较级和最高级的基本用法

一、原级比较的基本用法
1. 原级比较由“as＋形容词或副词(或再加名词或短语)＋as ”构成“原级相同”比较句，表示两者比较；其否定式，即“程度不及”比较句型为“not so(as) ＋形容词或副词＋as”，而且as…as结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的词修饰
1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as .
〔A〕 to run for fifteen minutes
〔B〕 running for fifteen minutes
〔C〕 you run for fifteen minutes
〔D〕 fifteen?minute walking
2) The gorilla(大猩猩)， while 〔A〕 not quite as curious than 〔B〕 the chimpanzee(黑猩猩)， shows more persistence 〔C〕 and memory retention(记忆力) in solving 〔D〕 a problem.
3) Alaska is twice 〔A〕 as larger 〔B〕 as 〔C〕 the next largest 〔D〕 state， Texas.
2. “as (so)＋名词＋as＋名词”进行名词比较，这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词，但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语，应当用so而不用as
4) Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions a politician.
〔A〕 such
〔B〕 more
〔C〕 as
〔D〕 than
5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter. (88年考题)
〔A〕 that
〔B〕 so
〔C〕 this
〔D〕 as
二、比较级
1. 比较级由“形容词(副词)比较级＋than＋…，”构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方“更加…”。连词than后可接句子，也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、?ING结构和?ED结构，有时也可省去than。
6) Natural mica(云母) of 〔A〕 a superior 〔B〕 quality is cheapest 〔C〕 to obtain than synthetic 〔D〕 mica.
7) She is older than .
〔A〕 any other girl in the group
〔B〕 any girl in the group
〔C〕 all girls in the group
〔D〕 you and me as well as the group
8) Josephine McCrackin joined 〔A〕 the “Santa Cruz Sentinel” in 1905 and， until her death fifteen years late 〔B〕 ， remained 〔C〕 active in journalistic 〔D〕 work.
2. 注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致
9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than .
〔A〕 ours
〔B〕 with us
〔C〕 for ours it had
〔D〕 it did for us
10) Sound travels air.
〔A〕 faster through water than through 〔B〕 faster than through water and
〔C〕 through water faster and〔D〕 where it is faster through water than through
11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout， one of Rembrand’s pupils， followed 〔A〕 the style of his teacher so implicitly that 〔B〕 his paintings 〔C〕 are sometimes confused with his master 〔D〕 .

三、最高级
1. 最高级用于三者以上比较，形容词的结构形式是“定冠词＋形容词最高级＋名词＋表示范围的短语或从句”(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)
12) The more 〔A〕 fearsome of all the 〔B〕 animals in 〔C〕 the Western 〔D〕 Hemisphere is the grizzly bear.
13) Of all economic 〔A〕 problems， inflation continues to be 〔B〕 a 〔C〕 most significant in its daily impact on 〔D〕 people and business.
14) ， the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction.
〔A〕 All the activities
〔B〕 The activities
〔C〕 Of all the activities
〔D〕 It is the activities
2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the
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四、例题解析
1) B为正确答案。
2) B错。改为 as ，和前面的as和形容词原形curious 一起构成同程度比较。
3) B错。 改为as large。
4) C对。动词rival(胜过、匹敌)前后是两个相比较的成分achievements(成果)和 contributions(贡献)，由于前面的名词后出现了短语 as an architect，故空白处也应用as，使前后对比成分一致。
5) B为正确答案。
6) C错。应改为比较级cheaper。比较级后并不一定跟接连词than，有时在其间有名词或名词短语(被形容词所修饰)，介词短语，不定式或其他成分隔开。
7) A为正确答案。“She”作为单个不能跟全组比(C和D不对)，也不能跟全组所有相比，因为“她”也是其中一员，自然“她”不能跟自己相比。这里“She”比较的是“这组中的任何一个”，所以A对。
8) B错。应改为比较级later，因此处实为与1905年相比晚15年，故应使用比较级。
9) D为正确答案。
10) A为正确答案。
11) D错。 改为his master’s。
12) A错。 改为most。
13) C错。改为the， significant是多音节形容词，在此处应用最高级形式(在前面加 the most)，注意句中的“of all… ”。
14) C为正确答案。本句空白处缺状语，A和B全为名词短语，不符合条件；D为句子，和空白后面的句子没有任何联系，故亦应排除。只有C正确，和后面的最高级the most familiar前后呼应。

第四节 形容词和副词的特殊表达法

一、形容词与副词的同级比较： 由“as(so)…as”引出，其否定式为“not so…”或“not as…as”,考生还应注意下列含有“as”结构或短语的句子
1. as such：表示上文所指明的事或人
He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子，必须被当作孩子对待。
2. as much：表示“与…同量”
Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。
I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍，我也会愿意把它买下的。
He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了。
3. as many：表示“与…一样多”
I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错。

二、表示“几倍于”的比较级：用twice (两倍)，four times (四倍)，ten times (十倍)加上as … as 结构
This one is four times as big as that one. 这个是那个的四倍大。(这个比那个大三倍。) / Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我们的校园比你们的大两倍。 / He has books twice as many as she does. 他的书比她多一倍。
1) The five?year deal obligates 〔A〕 the country to buy nine million tons 〔B〕 of grain a year 〔C〕 ， three million more as 〔D〕 the old pact’s minimum.

三、“the same ＋名词＋as”表示同等比较
2) The lens of a camera performs the lens of the eye.
〔A〕 in the same function 〔B〕 the same function as
〔C〕 the function is the same as 〔D〕 and has the same function
3) The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would
have as the amount of money borrowed.
〔A〕 as the same value 〔B〕 the same value
〔C〕 value as the same 〔D〕 the value is the same

四、比较级前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等词语表示不定量，far, completely,still表示程度或更进一步
4) There are now methods for studying color vision in infants than there once were.
〔A〕 more sophisticated than
〔B〕 much more sophisticated
〔C〕 much sophisticated
〔D〕 sophisticated
5) The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are than those taken from the Earth.
〔A〕 clearest
〔B〕 the clearest
〔C〕 much clearer
〔D〕 more clearer
6) Common porpoises(海豚) are usually not considered 〔A〕 migratory， although 〔B〕 some do move 〔C〕 to more warmer 〔D〕 waters in winter.

五、与比较级有关的特殊词用法
1. no more than …表示“只不过”，“并不比…”(等于not any more than)
7) During observations made over a fifty?year period， the power output of the Sun has than a few tenths of one percent.
〔A〕 varied by no more 〔B〕 varied no more by
〔C〕 not varied more by 〔D〕 more varied by not
Man cannot live without food any more than plants can grow without sunshine. 人没有食物不能生存，植物没有阳光也不能生长。
There is no difficulty with this task any more than with that one. 这项任务没有困难，那项任务也没有困难。
2. no less than 表示“不亚于”
There are no less than five hundred people present at the New Year party.
出席新年晚会的有五百人之多。(出席的人较多)
3. not less than 表示“不少于”
There are not less than five hundred people present at the New Year party.
出席新年晚会的只有五百人。(出席的人较不多)
4. more often than not 表示“多数情况下”
On Friday mornings, he comes late more often than not.
多数情况下，他星期五来得晚。
5. all the more 因而更加
We really admired him all the more for his frankness. 我们更加钦佩他的坦率。
6. (be) better off 较富裕，环境较好
8) Few of the people who live on the cooperatives than they were as laborers.
〔A〕 is well off financial
〔B〕 financially well off
〔C〕 are better off finanically
〔D〕 financial better off
7. had better 最好……
Come, you had much better have the thing out at once. 来，你最好把这东西弄出去。
8. less than 不到
The first steam locomotive could have a top speed of only thirteen mph(miles per hour) and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less than half that speed.第一列蒸汽火车最快每小时只有13英里，那时的大船还不到这个速度的一半。
9. little more than 差不多
The grain in their barn is little more than that of ours. 他们仓的粮食跟我们仓的粮食差不多。
10. more than 超过，不止
I have waited for your for more than two hours. 我等了你两个多小时。
11. more or less 大体上，或多或少
The work is more or less finished. 工作大体算完成了。
Most of them came here to near money, more or less Mr.Wang worked for his cause.他们大都来挣钱的，但王先生有点像为事业而工作。
12. other than除了
They imposed no pre?conditions other than that the meeting should be held in their capital. 除了会议要在他们的首都开之外，他们没有提出任何先决条件。
13. rather than 而不是，与其…宁愿(rather than表示“与其…宁愿”时，如果位于句首引导句子，有虚拟的成分，相当于“… would rathe than，”所以rather than后面跟动词原形)
Read what interests you; read what you have time for magazines and newspapers rather than novels. 读你感兴趣的东西，读你有时间读的东西，如杂志和报纸而不是小说。
Rather than allow the potatoes to go bad, she sold them at half price. 她以半价把土豆给卖了，而没有让它们烂掉。
Rather than cause trouble, he left. 为了不惹事，他还是走了。
9) He came all the way to China for promoting friendship for making money.
〔A〕 other than 〔B〕 better than 〔C〕 more than 〔D〕 rather than
10) He preferred to write the letter by hand .
〔A〕 to typing it
〔B〕 than type it
〔C〕 to type it
〔D〕 rather than type it
14. so much the better 就更好了
If she will help us, so much the better. 如果他能帮我们，那就更好了。
15. so much the worse 就更糟了
So much the worse for you if you still are absent from class. 如果你继续逃课的话，就对你更不利了。
16. the more…the more(less)“越是……，就越……”
11) The harder he tried， 〔A〕 the worst 〔B〕 he danced 〔C〕 before the large 〔D〕 audience.
12) The quicker a loan 〔A〕 is repaid 〔B〕 ， the least 〔C〕 it will 〔D〕 cost.

六、比较中的省略
1. 在as…as中，as从句可省略整个谓语部分，保留主语
She sings as well as her sister. 她跟她的姐姐唱得一样好(省去了does)。
2. 可以省去谓语部分，保留主语和be、have等助动词
Susan has done as much housework as you have. (省去了done。)
3. 可以省去主语和谓语，只剩下状语
It is not as cold in Beijing as in Datong. 北京的天气没有大同冷。
4. than从句也可以省去整个谓语部分，保留主语
They say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others. 他们说血浓于水，亲属对我们来说比其他人更重要。
5. than从句省去部分谓语，保留主语和be,have或助动词
The white collar workers earn more than the blue workers do. 白领工人比蓝领工人挣得多。
这时 我们可以进行倒装，即将than后从句中的be,have或助动词移到该从句的前边
13) Hot objects emit do cold objects.
〔A〕 rays more than infrared(红外线) 〔B〕 rays are more infrared than
〔C〕 more than infrared rays 〔D〕 more infrared rays than
After all, big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones. 相对来说，大变动比小变动毕竟容易些。
The fact is that some drug addicts are much better able to cure addiction in each other than are psychiatrists; some convicts can run better rehabilitation programs for convicts than do correctional officers; some patients in mental hospitals are better for each other than is the staff. 事实上，有些吸毒成瘾者与吸毒成瘾者之间戒瘾比精神病医生的作用还好；有些罪犯在改造其他罪犯方面比教改人员强；医院里的病人与病人之间的沟通比医务人员与病人间的沟通还强。
14) Last year the country had 〔A〕 fewer imports as 〔B〕 did the year before last 〔C〕 due to 〔D〕 the energy crisis.
6. than从句可以省去主语和部分谓语，保留宾语
Grandma gives more candies to her grandson than her granddaughter. 奶奶给孙子的糖比给孙女的多。(省去了she gives candies to)
7. than从句可以省去主语和谓语，保留状语
There are more books in this library than in that library. 这个图书馆的书比那个多。(省去了there are many books)
She is much better than yesterday. 她比昨天好多了。(省去了she was)
Signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past. 近些年来在学校、商业和政府中欺诈的迹象比以前更多。
8. than从句可以省去主语，保留谓语部分
His speed of doing the work was much faster than had expected. 他干此事的速度远比想象的快。(省去了he或we)
9. 有时可以省去整个than从句
He is much healthier and happier. 她比以往任何时侯都健康幸福。(省去了than he was ever before)
10. 为了避免重复，我们经常用that代替不可数名词, those代替复数名词,one代替可数名词单数
15) Long Island， an 〔A〕 island that forms the 〔B〕 southeastern part of New York， has a 〔C〕 greater population than which 〔D〕 of forty?two of thefifty states.
16) The grain of rye is longer 〔A〕 and slenderer 〔B〕 than 〔C〕 those of 〔D〕 wheat.
17) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than .
〔A〕 the domestic marketer has 〔B〕 the domestic marketer does
〔C〕 those of the domestic marketer 〔D〕 that which has the domestic marketer

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七、隐含比较级
有时比较级并不一定出现than，这时通过上下文可喑示出，如：—Of the two oranges, which do you choose? —I like the larger one.这里的larger one是指前边提到的两个当中的较大的一个。而且有些形容词在表示比较的时候，跟“to”而不用“than”
1. prior to 较早的，较重要的
The task is prior to all others. 这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。
I called on him prior to my departure. 动身前我去看了他一趟。
2. superior to优越，高于
In math he felt superior to John. 他觉得自己数学比约翰强。
They were resolved to rise superior to every obstacle. 他们决心战胜一切困难。
3. inferior to 下等的，次的
These apples are inferior in flavour to those. 这些苹果的味道不如那些。
4. senior to 年长的，地位高的；junior年幼的，地位低的，迟的
He is two years senior to me. 他比我大两岁。
Her appointment is junior to mine by six weeks. 她的任命比我迟六星期。
5. preferable to 更好的
Health without riches is preferable to riches without health.
贫穷但健康要比富有却多病更可取。
6. prefer…to 更倾向于…
I prefer this to that. 我喜欢这个而不喜欢那个。

八、最高级在特殊短语中的使用：在有下列短语的句子中，往往使用最高级
1. one of…
18 The grape is cultivated plants.
〔A〕 one of the oldest 〔B〕 the oldest one
〔C〕 one which the oldest 〔D〕 the one is the oldest of
2. of(among) all＋三者以上名词或代词
19) ， William Shakespeare is the most widely known.
〔A〕 With all writers in English
〔B〕 All writers in English
〔C〕 All of the writers in English
〔D〕 Of all writers in English
20) The crane is of the wading birds.
〔A〕 the tallest
〔B〕 the tallest that is
〔C〕 which is the tallest
〔D〕 which the tallest is
3. in the world(或群体名词)
21) The Appalachians Trail， extending 〔A〕 approximately 2，020 miles 〔B〕 from Maine to Georgia， is the
longer 〔C〕 continuous 〔D〕 marked footpath in the world.
22) La Paz， Bolivia is the higher 〔A〕 capital city in 〔B〕 the western hemisphere and 〔C〕 the second?highest 〔D〕 in the world.

九、其他有关比较的习惯表达法
1. “as ＋形容词(副词)＋as possible”结构，表示“最…，尽可能…”：“as quickly as possible”(尽量快)
23) The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as .
〔A〕 possibly little nourishment 〔B〕 nourishment possibly little
〔C〕 little as possible nourishment 〔D〕 little

通俗的解释，修饰名词的是形容词（adj），修饰动词的是副词（adv）

形容词和副词

4.1 形容词及其用法

形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常， 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。

2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。
（错） He is an ill man.
（对） The man is ill.
（错） She is an afraid girl.
（对） The girl is afraid.
这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。

3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：
something nice
4.1 形容词及其用法

形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。

2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。
（错） He is an ill man.
（对） The man is ill.
（错） She is an afraid girl.
（对） The girl is afraid.
这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。

3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：
something nice
4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词

1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively， ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
改错：(错） She sang lovely.
（错） He spoke to me very friendly.
（对） Her singing was lovely.
（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

2）有些以-ly 结尾既为 形容词，也为副词。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.

4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体

1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry
The poor are losing hope.

2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。
the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car

典型例题:
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案：C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --性质--名词"的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。

2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。

3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends ，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：

限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+
those + three + beautiful + large + square

新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
old + brown + wood + table
4.5 副词及其基本用法

副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置：
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在be动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。

注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。
He speaks English well.

二、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。
Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。

注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.

注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
I don’t know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
4.6 兼有两种形式的副词

1) close与closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
W atch him closely.
2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
4.7 形容词与副词的比较级

大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。

1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。

构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词 tall(高的) taller tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不发音的e结尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest
的单音词和少数 large(大的) larger largest
以- le结尾的双 able（有能力的) abler ablest
音节词只加-r,-st
以一个辅音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest
结尾的闭音节单 hot热的) hotter hottest
音节词，双写结
尾的辅音字母，
再加-er，-est

"以辅音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest
结尾的双音节词，busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y为i，再加
-er，-est >
少数以-er，-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest
结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
未尾加-er，-est

其他双音节词和 important(重要的)
多音节词，在前 more important
面加more，most most important
来构成比较级和 easily(容易地)
最高级。 more easily
most easily

2) 不规则变化

原级 比较级 最高级
good(好的)/ better best
well(健康的)
bad (坏的)/ worse worst
ill(有病的)
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest

4.8 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as

1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.

2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。
as +形容词+ a +单数名词
as + many/much +名词
This is as good an example as the other is.
I can carry as much paper as you can..

3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.

4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ then + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than

You are taller than I.
They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.

注意：
1）要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is clever than his brother.

2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名 词。
比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.

1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等

2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。

3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。

典型例题:
1） ---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good
D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.

2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much
D. more much
答案：C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。

3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：D。
4.11 many,old 和 far

1) 如果后接名词时， much more +不可数名词
many more +可数名词复数

2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.

3) far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。
在美语中，father 表示距离，further表示进一步。
I have nothing further to say.
4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围

1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem.
=It is a very important problem.
注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.

2) 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意：
a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa is the second largest con tinent.

3) 句型转换：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.

4) "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
4.13 和more有关的词组

1) the more… the more… 越……就越……
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than… 与……一样……
He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than 不只是，非常
She is more than kind to us all.

典型例题
1）The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America
D. that in America
答案：D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。

2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.

1) the more… the more… 越……就越……
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than… 与……一样……
He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than 不只是，非常
She is more than kind to us all.

典型例题
1）The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America
D. that in America
答案：D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常 用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。

2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.