中科新闻网美咲结衣富永杏屁眼:高手进来看一下,小弟急用,先谢过拉!!!
来源：百度文库 编辑：中科新闻网 时间：2024/05/12 09:39:27
Solid waste disposal has become more expensive recently due to rising land prices, strict environmental regulations, and host fees paid to localities to accept new landfills or incinerators. Tipping fees in the northeastern U.S. approach $125 per ton. Most towns still pay for garbage collection and disposal using general revenues, however, with no price per bag. Thus the resident views it as free.
As an alternative, more towns are beginning to sell special bags or stickers necessary for curbside collection of each bag or can of garbage (U.S. EPA [20]). These per-unit charges can help defray the cost of collection, and they help discourage waste. Two major recent studies describe the advantages of such charges. Project 88-Round II [14], sponsored by then Senators Timothy Wirth of Colorado and John Heinz of Pennsylvania, says that unit pricing "creates strong incentives for households to reduce the quantities of waste they generate. whether through changes in their purchasing patterns, reuse of products and containers, or composting of yard wastes" (pp. 49-50). The World Resources Institute (WRI, Repetto et al, [15]) further extols the virtues of "pay-by-the-bag." For densely populated areas, they estimate that each 32-gallon bag of garbage costs $1.12 in direct payments to waste haulers and landfill operators, and $1.83 including external costs to others near the landfill who may suffer from noise, odor, litter, and extra traffic. They go on to measure welfare gains from charging such a price.
In response to unit charges, however, households might not just recycle, com¬post, and adjust purchasing habits. They might also burn paper in fireplaces and carry trash to commercial dumpsters, back woods, and vacant lots. If New York City were to sell stickers for $1.83 each, and pick up only bags with stickers, we believe that revenue would be small and piles of unidentified garbage would be large. Welfare gains would be negative.
As an alternative, more towns are beginning to sell special bags or stickers necessary for curbside collection of each bag or can of garbage (U.S. EPA [20]). These per-unit charges can help defray the cost of collection, and they help discourage waste. Two major recent studies describe the advantages of such charges. Project 88-Round II [14], sponsored by then Senators Timothy Wirth of Colorado and John Heinz of Pennsylvania, says that unit pricing "creates strong incentives for households to reduce the quantities of waste they generate. whether through changes in their purchasing patterns, reuse of products and containers, or composting of yard wastes" (pp. 49-50). The World Resources Institute (WRI, Repetto et al, [15]) further extols the virtues of "pay-by-the-bag." For densely populated areas, they estimate that each 32-gallon bag of garbage costs $1.12 in direct payments to waste haulers and landfill operators, and $1.83 including external costs to others near the landfill who may suffer from noise, odor, litter, and extra traffic. They go on to measure welfare gains from charging such a price.
In response to unit charges, however, households might not just recycle, com¬post, and adjust purchasing habits. They might also burn paper in fireplaces and carry trash to commercial dumpsters, back woods, and vacant lots. If New York City were to sell stickers for $1.83 each, and pick up only bags with stickers, we believe that revenue would be small and piles of unidentified garbage would be large. Welfare gains would be negative.
固体废物处理由于上升的土地价格，严厉的环境规则和主人被支付到地方接受新的垃圾掩埋场或焚烧装置的费用最近已经变得更贵。 在美国的东北部装顶端费用接近每吨 $125 。 然而,大多数的城镇仍然支付垃圾收集和使用一般的收入处理的费用,由于没有每袋价格。 如此居民看它当做自由地。
如替代选择，较多的城镇正在开始卖对每个袋子或垃圾的罐子路边收集是必需的特别袋子或标签。 ( 美国环保署 [20]) 这些每一- 单位的费用能帮助支付收集的费用，而且他们帮助使气馁废物。 二项主要的最近研究描述如此费用的利益。88个回合的 2[14] 的计划,到时候赞助了科罗拉多的叁议院议员梯牧草 Wirth 而且赞助了宾夕凡尼亚州的约翰 Heinz, 说单位订定的价格 "产生强烈的激励让家庭减少他们产生的废物量。 无论经过在他们的购买式样方面的改变，产品和容器的重复使用，或码的施堆肥浪费"(pp。 49-50). 比较远的世界资源学会 (WRI ， Repetto et al,[15]) 宣传赞成 "按袋付款". 对于浓密人口稠密的区域，他们估计每个垃圾的 32 加仑袋子在直接的付款中值 $1.12 浪费 haulers 和垃圾掩埋场操作员, 和 $1.83 在可能蒙受噪音，气味，垃圾和额外的交通垃圾掩埋场的附近对其它包括外部的费用。 他们继续从要价一个如此价格测量福利增益。
为回应单位费用,然而，家庭不可能仅仅使再循环、邮寄并调整购买习惯。 他们也可能燃烧壁炉的纸而且将垃圾携带到商业的场所, 森林 , 和空地。如果纽约市每个标签为 $1.83 , 而且只将标签装入袋中,我们相信，收入会很小，而且未经确认垃圾会很多。 福利增益将不能达到预期效果。