北京到西宁特价机票:华佗的英文资料

华 佗

东汉未年在我国诞生了三位杰出的医学家，史称“建安三神医”。其中，董奉隐居庐山，留下了脍炙人口的杏林佳话；张仲景撰写《伤寒杂病论》，理法谨严，被后世誉为“医圣”；而华佗则深入民间，足迹遍于中原大地和江淮平原，在内、外、妇、儿各科的临证诊治中，曾创造了许多医学奇迹，尤其以创麻沸散（临床麻醉药）、行剖腹术闻名于世。后世每以“华佗再世”、“元化重生”称誉医家，足见其影响之深远。
华佗，字元化，出生在东汉未年豫州沛国谯县（今安徽毫县）的一个普通士族家庭，约生于汉冲帝永熹元年（公元145年），卒于汉献帝建安十三年（公元208年）。
华氏家族本是一个望族，其后裔中有一支定居于谯县以北十余里处一个风景秀丽的小华庄。至华佗时家族己衰微，但家族中对华佗寄托了很大的期望。从其名、字来看，名“佗”，乃负载之意，“元化”是化育之意。华佗自幼刻苦攻读，习诵《尚书》、《诗经》、《周易》、《礼记》、《春秋》等古籍，逐渐具有了较高的文化素养。
在华佗成长的过程中，除受到中原文化的熏陶外，盛产药材的家乡也给他以不少的影响。谯县出产多种药材，如“毫芍”、“毫菊”，早已闻名天下。再加水陆交通较为发达，所以谯县自古就是一个药材的集散中心。至今在毫县的通衢大街上，中药材货栈比比皆是。幼年的华佗在攻读经史的同时，也留心医药，当地父老传说他曾在泥台店一带读书养性，学医识药。
在封建社会里，读书人大多以出仕做官为荣。而华佗则不然，他选择了一条完全不同的人生道路，终身以医为业，矢志不移。他青少年时期，正值东汉桓帝、灵帝之际，外戚宦官交替专权，朝纲不正，政出私门，卖官鬻爵，贿赂公行。对百姓敲骨吸髓，疯狂榨取，人民陷入了深重的苦难之中，华佗目睹官场之腐败和苍生之苦难，决心弃绝仕途，以医济世。当时朝廷中的一些有识之士，对华佗的品行、学识很为赏识，太尉黄琬要征辟他为官，华佗谢绝了，沛相也荐举华佗为孝廉，对此他也婉言谢绝了。这充分表明了华佗志向的坚定和品德的高尚。
华佗行医，并无师传，主要是精研前代医学典籍，在实践中不断钻研、进取。当时我国医学已取得了一定成就，《黄帝内经》、《黄帝八十一难经》、《神农本草经》等医学典籍相继问世，望、闻、问、切四诊原则和导引、针灸、药物等诊治手段已基本确立和广泛运用；而古代医家，如战国时的扁鹊，西汉的仓公，东汉的涪翁、程高等，所留下的不慕荣利富贵、终生以医济世的动人事迹，所有这些不仅为华佗精研医学提供了可能，而且陶冶了他的情操。
在华佗多年的医疗实践中，他非常善于区分不同病情和脏腑病位，对症施治。一日，有军吏二人，俱身热头痛，症状相同，但华佗的处方，却大不一样，一用发汗药，一用泻下药，二人颇感奇怪，但服药后均告痊愈。原来华伦诊视后，已知一为表证，用发汗法可解；一为里热证，非泻下难于为治。又有督邮顿某，就医后自觉病已痊愈，但华佗经切脉却告诫说：“君疾虽愈，但元气未复，当静养以待完全康复，切忌房事，不然，将有性命之虑。”其时，顿妻闻知夫病已经痊愈，便从百里外赶来看望。当夜，顿某未能慎戒房事，三日后果病发身亡。另一患者徐某，因病卧床，华佗前往探视，徐说：“自昨天请医针刺胃管后，便咳嗽不止，心烦而不得安卧。”华佗诊察后，说：“误矣，针刺未及胃管，误中肝脏，若日后饮食渐少，五日后恐不测。”后果如所言而亡。某郡守患疑难症，百医无效，其子来请华佗，陈述病情，苦求救治。华佗来到病人居室，问讯中言语轻慢，态度狂傲，索酬甚巨，却不予治疗而去，还留书谩骂。郡守原已强忍再三，至此大怒，派人追杀，踪迹全无。愤怒之下，吐黑血数升，沉疴顿愈。原来这是华佗使用的一种心理疗法，利用喜、怒、优、思等情志活动调理机体，以愈其疾。
华佗对民间治疗经验十分重视，常吸取后加以提炼，以治疗一些常见病。当时黄疸病流传较广，他花了三年时间对茵陈蒿的药效作了反复试验，决定用春三月的茵陈蒿嫩叶施治，救治了许多病人。民间因此而流传一首歌谣：“三月茵陈四月蒿，传于后世切记牢，三月茵陈能治病，五月六月当柴烧”。华佗还以温汤热敷，治疗蝎子螫痛，用青苔炼膏，治疗马蜂螫后的肿痛；用蒜亩大酢治虫病；用紫苏治食鱼蟹中毒；用白前治咳嗽；用黄精补虚劳。如此等等，既简便易行，又收效神速。
中年以后，华伦因中原动乱而“游学徐土”。徐州是江淮重地，有郡、国六，下辖六十二个城、邑，人口二百余万，首府为彭城（今江苏徐州）。民间传说他就住在彭城附近的沛国（今江苏沛县）。其实华佗的行医足迹，遍及当时的徐州、豫州、青州、兖州各地。根据他医案中所及地名查考，大抵是以彭城为中心，东起甘陵（今山东临清）、盐读（今江苏盐城），西到朝歌（今河南淇县），南抵广陵（今江苏扬州），西南直至谯县（今安徽毫县），即今江苏、山东、河南、安徽等省广大地区，方圆达数百平方公里。在行医的同时，为了采药他还先后到过朝歌、沛国、丰县（今江苏丰县）、彭城卧牛山、鲁南山区和微山湖。由于行踪地域广阔，又深入民间，华佗成了我国历史上民间传说众多的医家。
就这样，经过数十年的医疗实践，华佗的医术已达到炉火纯青的地步。他熟练地掌握了养生、方药、针灸和手术等治疗手段，精通内、外、妇、儿各科，临证施治，诊断精确，方法简捷，疗效神速，被誉为“神医”。对此，《三国志》、《后汉书》中都有一段内容相仿的评述，说他善于养生（“晓养性之术，时人以为年且百岁而貌有壮容”），用药精当（“又精方药，其疗疾，合汤不过数种，心解分剂，不复称量，煮熟便饮，语其节度，舍去辄愈”），针灸简捷（“若当针，亦不过一、两处，下针言，‘当引某许，若至，语人’，病者言‘已到’，‘应便拔针，病亦行差’”），手术神奇（“刳剖腹背，抽割积聚”、“断肠滴洗”）。所留医案，《三国志》中有十六则，《华佗别传》中五则，其他文献中五则，共二十六则，在先秦和两汉医家中是较多的。从其治疗范围看，内科病有热性病、内脏病、精神病、肥胖病、寄生虫病，属于外、儿、妇科的疾病有外伤、肠痈、肿瘤、骨折、针误、忌乳、死胎、小儿泻痢等等。
正当华佗热心在民间奉献自己的精湛医术时，崛起于中原动乱中的曹操，闻而相召。原来曹操早年得了一种头风病，中年以后，日益严重。每发，心乱目眩，头痛难忍。诸医施治，疗效甚微。华佗应召前来诊视后，在曹操胸椎部的鬲俞穴进针，片刻便脑清目明，疼痛立止。曹操十分高兴。但华佗却如实相告：“您的病，乃脑部痼疾，近期难于根除，须长期攻治，逐步缓解，以求延长寿命。”曹操听后，以为华佗故弄玄虚，因而心中不悦，只是未形于色。他不仅留华佗于府中，还允许他为百姓治病。公元208年，曹操操纵朝政，自任丞相，总揽军政大权，遂要华佗尽弃旁务，长留府中，专做他的侍医。这对以医济世作为终身抱负的华佗来说，要他隔绝百胜，专门侍奉一个权贵，自然是不愿意的。何况，曹操早年为报父仇，讨伐徐州的陶谦，坑杀徐州百姓数万人，尸体壅塞，泗水为之不流，接着又连屠取虑、夏丘诸县，所过“鸡义亦尽，墟邑无复行人”。徐州是华佗后期行医和居住之地，与百姓休戚与共，内心岂不愤慨！因而决心离开曹操，便托故暂回家乡，一去不归。曹操几次发信相召，华佗均以妻病为由而不从。曹操恼羞成怒，遂以验看为名，派出专使，将华佗押解许昌，严刑拷问。面对曹操的淫威，华佗坚贞不屈，矢志不移。曹操益怒，欲杀华佗。虽有谋士一再进谏，说明华佗医术高超，世间少有，天下人命所系重，望能予以宽容，但曹操一意孤行，竟下令在狱中处决。华佗临死，仍不忘济世救民，将已写好的《青囊经》取出，交狱吏说：“此书传世，可活苍生。”狱吏畏罪，不敢受书。华佗悲愤之余，只得将医书投入火中，一焚了之。后来，曹操的头风病几次发作，诸医束手，他仍无一丝悔意，还说，“佗能愈吾疾，然不为吾根治，想以此要挟，吾不杀他，病亦难愈。”直到这年冬天，曹操的爱子曹冲患病，诸医无术救治而死，这时曹操才悔恨地说：“吾悔杀华佗，才使此儿活活病死。”
华佗一生有弟子多人，其中彭城的樊阿、广陵的吴普和西安的李当之，皆闻名于世。为了将医学经验留传于后世，华佗晚年精心于医书的撰写，计有《青囊经》、《枕中灸刺经》等多部著作，可惜不传。

是中文的哦~~
没有找到英文的，抱歉喽~~`

Biographical information about Hua Tuo has been summarized and presented in English in three works: an article in the Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (1), a monograph in Chen's History of Chinese Medical Science (2), and an extensive report in the Advanced Textbook on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology (3). The following has been derived primarily from those sources, except as noted.

Hua Tuo is a famous physician of the Han Dynasty who is so widely respected that his name and image adorn numerous products (e.g., as a brand name for acupuncture needles and for medicated plasters) and a set of frequently used acupuncture points (called Hua Tuo Jiaji, see Appendix). He is known for the early qi gong exercise set known as the frolics of the five animals, in which one imitates the actions of tigers, deer, bears, apes, and birds; these practices were later incorporated into various health promoting martial arts practices, such as taijiquan. His name is always mentioned in relation to surgery, as he was considered the first surgeon of China, and one of the last famous surgeons of ancient China. He has been compared, in this regard, to Jivaka of India, who lived at the time of Buddha (about 500 B.C.) and was renowned for surgery, but had no significant successors until the modern era when surgery was reintroduced by Western doctors (4).

Legends of Hua Tuo's work are mentioned in historical novels, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Taiping's Comprehensive Anthology of Stories. It was a tradition in the past that when a patient had recovered due to the efforts of a competent physician, the family would present a congratulatory board to the doctor inscribed with the words: A Second Hua Tuo.

Hua Tuo was born around 110 A.D., in Qiao of Peiguo (today called Haoxian or Bo) county, in what is now Anhui Province, one of the four major herb distribution centers of modern China. He lived for about 100 years, having died around 207 A.D. He was an older contemporary of China's famous herbalist Zhang Zhongjing, who died around 220 A.D. In the Chronicles of the Later Han Dynasty, it is said that: "Knowing well the way to keep one in good health, Hua Tuo still appeared in the prime of his life when he was almost 100, and so was regarded as immortal." It is said that Cao Cao, ruler of the state of Wei, had Hua Tuo put to death for reasons that are unclear. Cao Cao summoned him to serve as his personal physician, and either became enraged with Hua Tuo's hesitancy to return again later to provide more treatments or suspected an assassination attempt when Hua Tuo suggested brain surgery as a treatment for his severe headaches. According to the Records of the Wei Dynasty (Wei Zhi), Cao Cao had Hua Tuo killed in 207 A.D. at age 97. Cao Cao's second son, Cao Pi (187-226 A.D.), became Emperor of the Wei Dynasty, taking over China upon the forced abdication of Emperor Xian; China then collapsed into chaos, and Cao Pi was left only a few years rule of Wei, the northern kingdom of the "three kingdoms" that resulted from the breakdown.

According to the limited existing reports of his life, it is said that Hua Tuo studied and mastered various classics, especially those related to medical and health measures, but also astronomy, geography, literature, history, and agriculture, when he was young. He was stimulated to pursue a career in medicine after seeing so many people die of epidemics, famines, and injuries from wars (Zhang Zhongjing also mentioned the epidemics as leading him to undertake medicine as a career). His father had died when Hua Tuo was seven. His family lived in poverty and his mother wanted him to pursue a career. So, he walked hundreds of kilometers to Xuzhou to access all the medical classics retained there and learned from a famous physician named Cai. He studied tirelessly while practicing medicine, and became expert in several fields, including acupuncture, gynecology, pediatrics, and surgery. For the latter, he invented various herbal anesthetics. One, known as numbing powder (Mafai San), was taken with alcohol before surgery. His ancient prescriptions are lost, but the ingredients are thought to include cannabis and datura, which had been recorded later, during the Song Dynasty, as an anesthetic.

Two specific cases of abdominal operations were relayed in Hua Tuo's official biography:

A patient who went to Hua Tuo was told: 'Your disease has been chronic, and you should receive an abdominal operation, but even that could lengthen your life by not more than ten years.' The patient, being in great pain, consented to the surgery and was cured immediately, but he died exactly ten years later.
A patient who suffered from abdominal pain for more than 10 days and had depilation of his beard and eyebrows asked Hua Tuo for treatment. The doctor diagnosed him as having a deterioration in the abdomen, asked him to drink the anesthesia, then explored his abdomen and removed the deteriorated part, sutured and plastered the abdomen, and administered some herbs. The patient recovered after 100 days.
The latter story is believed to be a treatment of acute appendicitis. In the Wei Zhi (5), it was reported that for intestinal diseases Hua Tuo "would cut them out, wash them, sew up the abdomen, and rub on an ointment; the illness would remit if four to five days." There is also the story of general Guan Yu, whose arm was pierced by a poisoned arrow during a battle; General Guan calmly sat playing a board game as he allowed Hua Tuo to clean his flesh down to the bone to remove necrosis, with no anesthetic. This event is a popular historical subject in Chinese art.

Hua Tuo has been called the "miracle working doctor" (also translated as divine physician; shenyi) because of his emphasis on using a small number of acupuncture points or small number of herbs in a prescription to attain good results. Some sayings have been attributed to him; for example, in advocating that people exercise to stay healthy, he said: "The body needs exercise, but it should not be excessive. Motion consumes energy produced by food and promotes blood circulation so that the body will be free of diseases just as a door hinge is never worm eaten." Being an accomplished Taoist (Anhui was the birthplace also of the legendary Taoist founders Laozi and Zhuangzi) and following its principles, he did not seek fame or fortune, though much praise was heaped upon him. He served as a physician in what are now Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces adjacent to his home Province of Anhui, and turned down offers for government service.

It is said that Hua Tuo wrote several books, but none of them has been handed down, so his teachings remain largely unknown. One story is that while in prison awaiting his death, Hua Tuo handed over his works, collectively referred to as the Book of the Black Bag, to the prison ward and asked him to help save people's lives with his medical books, but the warden dared not accept it, and Hua Tuo burned it. Another story is that the warden took the volume home, but that his wife, afraid of the trouble it might bring them, burned it. Either way, the lasting story is that his written teachings went up in smoke. It is thought that some of Hua Tuo's teachings have been preserved within other books that came out in subsequent centuries, such as the Pulse Classic, Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold, and Medical Secrets of an Official. An existent book was ascribed to him, but it has been determined to be from a much later writer; it was translated to English under the title Master Hua's Classic of the Central Viscera (Zhong Zang Jing), with the unsubstantiated claim that only one of Hua's scrolls was burned and this came through unscathed (6). Similarly, a book called Prescriptions of Surgery was attributed to Hua Tuo, but is believed to have been compiled at least a century or two after his death (7).

Despite Hua Tuo's reputation in the field, the loss of his works resulted in the first monographs on surgery being erroneously attributed to others. There were many short documents produced during the time from the end of the Han Dynasty through the 5th century, of which one survives, called Liu Junzi's Mysterious Remedies. Like the other documents of this time, it mainly focused on lancing of carbuncles and cleaning out deep ulcers, as well as some other superficial surgeries, not the abdominal surgery that Hua Tuo is said to have done.

Hua Tuo had several disciples, including Wu Pu, Fan E, and Li Dangzhi, all of whom were excellent physicians. They also practiced qi gong, acupuncture, herbal medicine, and other things learned from Hua Tuo. It is said that Wu Pu wrote an herb guide and that Fan lived to be over 100, thanks to the exercises he practiced regularly.