残菊犹有傲霜枝上一句:有没有介绍John Steinbeck的文章

约翰·恩斯特·斯坦贝克，1902年出生于加利福尼亚州的小镇萨利纳斯。他的父亲是个磨坊主，母亲曾经当过教师。正是在母亲的熏陶下，小约翰有了对读书的强烈爱好和对写作的兴趣。学生时期，他很早就读了许多世界文学名著，还经常给他中学的报纸写文章。不过，他的许多课余时间却是在室外度过的，或在农场干活，或在加州的山岭谷地中漫游。这些地方后来就成为他的小说的背景。

1920年，约翰毕业于萨利纳斯中学，入加州斯坦福大学就学。由于生性好动，加之对自己的职业举棋不定，他还长期离开学校到农场、制糖厂和修路队去干活。

在1925年，他没有获得学位就离开了斯坦福大学。年轻的斯坦贝克决意要当作家，并认为纽约市是自己起步之处，因而启程东行。在纽约，他做过各种工作，包括在《纽约日报》当记者。但是，没过多久，他就对记者这种职业感到失望和厌烦。于是，他返回加州，投身到自己的创作中去。

斯坦贝克的第一部小说《金杯》发表于1929年。这是一部描写十七世纪加勒比海海盗的历史小说。这本书虽然不成功，但毕竟为他挣得一笔钱，足够他1930年和卡罗尔·亨宁结婚的开销。

不久以后，他又写了两部小说。这两部小说比起前一部来，更为逊色。不过，巧遇良机，其中名为《天堂牧场》的那一部为他的作家生涯奠定了根基。有一天，一位乘火车出门远行的纽约出版商帕斯卡尔·科维西，偶然间买了本《天堂牧场》在火车上看。这本书给他留下深刻的印象，于是他立即与这位年轻的作者取得联系。他得知斯坦贝克还写好了另一部小说，但是已经有七家出版商拒绝给他出版，科维西便把小说要去看了。这部小说就是《煎饼坪》，1935年由科维西出版，这本书成为斯坦贝克第一部大获成功的作品。

1936年，他又发表了《胜负未决的战斗》。这是一部描写加州采果工人罢工的现实主义小说，饱含着辛酸苦楚。

斯坦贝克最优秀的小说之一《人与鼠》发表于1937年，写的是两个流离失所的农业工人的故事。斯坦贝克开始动笔时写的是剧本，但后来改变了主意，写成了一部小说。大获成功之后，他又把小说改编成剧本。斯坦贝克因《人与鼠》而获得1937年纽约戏剧评论家奖金，被誉为“触及了真正扎根于美国生活的主题。”这部小说使斯坦贝克的名字在美国家喻户晓。

两年后，斯坦贝克写的又一本书《愤怒的葡萄》给他带来国际声誉。这是他的杰作，是一部饱含着愤怒的长篇小说，写的是贫苦农民从风沙迷漫的俄克拉何马州平原流落到富庶的加利福尼亚州谷地的悲惨故事。1940年，《愤怒的葡萄》作为当年的最佳小说，使他获得普利策奖金。但是，对斯坦贝克个人来说，这部小说也带来了成名之后的苦恼。他喜欢过简朴安静的生活，不喜欢参加文艺界聚会、应邀讲话和亲笔签名。他觉得与农民、采果工人和工厂工人这样的普通百姓在一起最自在。

在美国参加第二次世界大战后，斯坦贝克以《纽约先驱论坛报》战地记者的身份去过英国、北非和意大利。

斯坦贝克战后写的第一部小说《罐头工厂街》又是以他的故乡加利福尼亚为背景。随后，他于1947年发表了《不如意的公共汽车》。但是这两本书都不大成功，于是斯坦贝克就把注意力转到写作电影剧本和戏剧方面去了。

其后，他在1951年发表了《伊甸园以东》。他自认为这是他一生写得最好的一本书。《伊甸园以东》是一部长篇小说，写的是在加州开拓新生活的两家人在美国南北战争到第一次世界大战期间的经历。

在五十年代，斯坦贝克继续写作。但是，评论家们认为他这一时期的大多数作品都不是上乘之作，有些人甚至说斯坦贝克大概已经开始从作家生涯的顶峰走下坡路了。

然而在1961年，斯坦贝克却随着《我们不满的冬天》的发表而东山再起。在这部小说里，他描述了一个出身于新英格兰世家的男子如何由于为安全问题提心吊胆而背弃了他的理想主义。这本书博得许多评论家的好评，尤其给瑞典文学院的评选委员们留下深刻的印像。正是这些评选委员在1962年给斯坦贝克颁发了闻名世界的诺贝尔文学奖金。

同年，斯坦贝克发表了《同查利旅行》，描写了他和爱犬在美国的游历。这是迄今对美国最生动的描述之一。

1966年初，斯坦贝克作为纽约报纸《新闻日报》的战地记者前往南越。

斯坦贝克返回美国后，继续在家中写作。但是，在1968年5月，他的身体开始垮下来。1968年12月21日，他因心脏病发作逝世，终年六十六岁。

John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, the centre of the Californian lettuce industry, in 1902.

He was of German-Irish ancestry. His father, John Ernst Steinbeck, was county treasurer and his mother, Olivia Hamilton, a teacher.

Steinbeck attended Salinas High School and then went on to study marine biology at Stanford University, although he never took his degree.

He travelled to New York where he worked as a reporter, but was fired. He then took odd jobs including hod carrier, apprentice painter, caretaker, surveyor and fruitpicker.

His first novel Cup of Gold (1929), was an historical romance based on the life of the Jamaican buccaneer, Captain Henry Morgan.

In 1930, he married for the first time, Carol Henning (they were divorced in 1943). He was to be married twice more, to Gwyn Conger in 1943 and Elaine Anderson in 1950.

It was with his 1935 novel Tortilla Flat that Steinbeck won popular attention. In this and subsequent novels, he continued to write about America's dispossed rural folk. Steinbeck had a journalist's grasp of significant detail and his novels reflect this. Of Mice and Men was published in 1937.

The 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath was a Pulitzer prize winner and was made into a classic film in 1940. It awakened America's social consciousness and, for this reason, was compared to Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.

During World War Two, Steinbeck became a war correspondent. Later he was to get special reporting assignments abroad.

Steinbeck was controversial because of his support for the underprivileged and he did not receive much acclaim for his later novels. He suffered a long period of adverse criticism in America, but remained popular in Europe.

In the 1960s, he made a tour of 40 states of the USA with his poodle, publishing Travels with Charley in search of America (1962) as a result of his journey.

In the same year he was awarded the Nobel prize.

He died in 1968.

In 1962 author John Steinbeck had scores of highly acclaimed novels behind him, had just won the Nobel Prize in literature, and was living comfortably in Maine along with his wife and Charley, a large French poodle of considerable age. Steinbeck began to feel the call of the open road again as he did from time to time so he planned a trip that would prove to be his last. With a minimum of preparations he hooked a trailer to his car, packed it with boxes of supplies, kissed his wife goodbye, and whistled for Charley. As he consulted the maps in his car while still sitting in his driveway, he had no idea he had less than six years of life left. The pair followed the eastern seaboard down to Florida and then turned for the west coast and California. The pair faced many troubles along the way and reaped many benefits as well. When Charley becomes ill the reader can easily feel the depth of Steinbeck’s compassion for him, pet owners in particular. The author through his gift for writing gives a wonderful insight into the America of his past and his perception of the short-fallings and gains of the America of his present. As a young man he had traversed the country many times as a bum walking and riding freight trains.

This is a timeless tale of a man and his companion on a quest and it speaks for itself. One of the great American authors, John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902 to an agricultural valley on the Pacific coast. In 1919 he enrolled in Stanford University and majored in literature and writing. He wrote many novels including The Cup of Gold, The Pastures of Heaven, To a God Unknown, The Long Valley, Of Mice and Men, The Red Pony, The Grapes of Wrath, The Pearl and East of Eden. He died in 1968. John Stienbeck will forever hold a place in the halls of classic American literature.